The output of the example is only correct if viewed through a web browser. If you pass it through to PHP-CLI, you will get to see the additional HTML line breaks, however.
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)
array_walk — 使用用户自定义函数对数组中的每个元素做回调处理
将用户自定义函数 funcname 应用到
array 数组中的每个单元。
array_walk() 不会受到 array
内部数组指针的影响。array_walk()
会遍历整个数组而不管指针的位置。
array输入的数组。
callback
典型情况下
callback 接受两个参数。array
参数的值作为第一个，键名作为第二个。
Note:
如果
callback需要直接作用于数组中的值，则给callback的第一个参数指定为引用。这样任何对这些单元的改变也将会改变原始数组本身。
Note:
参数数量超过预期，传入内置函数 (例如 strtolower())， 将抛出警告，所以不适合当做
funcname。
只有 array 的值才可以被改变，用户不应在回调函数中改变该数组本身的结构。例如增加/删除单元，unset
单元等等。如果 array_walk()
作用的数组改变了，则此函数的的行为未经定义，且不可预期。
userdata
如果提供了可选参数
userdata，将被作为第三个参数传递给
callback funcname。
成功时返回 TRUE， 或者在失败时返回 FALSE。
如果 callback 函数需要的参数比给出的多，则每次
array_walk() 调用 callback
时都会产生一个 E_WARNING
级的错误。
Example #1 array_walk() 例子
<?php
$fruits = array("d" => "lemon", "a" => "orange", "b" => "banana", "c" => "apple");
function test_alter(&$item1, $key, $prefix)
{
$item1 = "$prefix: $item1";
}
function test_print($item2, $key)
{
echo "$key. $item2<br />\n";
}
echo "Before ...:\n";
array_walk($fruits, 'test_print');
array_walk($fruits, 'test_alter', 'fruit');
echo "... and after:\n";
array_walk($fruits, 'test_print');
?>
以上例程会输出：
Before ...: d. lemon a. orange b. banana c. apple ... and after: d. fruit: lemon a. fruit: orange b. fruit: banana c. fruit: apple
The output of the example is only correct if viewed through a web browser. If you pass it through to PHP-CLI, you will get to see the additional HTML line breaks, however.
Since array_walk cannot modify / change / reindex keys as already mentioned, i provide this small wrapping function which accomplishes passing array reference and index using closures , "use" keyword.
function indexArrayByElement($array, $element)
{
$arrayReindexed = [];
array_walk(
$array,
function ($item, $key) use (&$arrayReindexed, $element) {
$arrayReindexed[$item[$element]] = $item;
}
);
return $arrayReindexed;
}
Correction for the speed test from zlobnygrif.
<?php
// Test results
$array1 = test('array_walk');
$array2 = test('array_walk_list_each');
$array3 = test('array_walk_foreach1');
$array4 = test('array_walk_foreach2');
// Check arrays for equal
var_dump($array1 == $array2, $array1 == $array3, $array1 == $array4);
// Test function 1
function array_walk_list_each(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
/* make sure we walk the array each time */
reset($array);
while ( list($key, $value) = each($array) )
$function($array[$key], $key, $userData);
}
// Test function 2
function array_walk_foreach1(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
foreach ($array as $key => &$value )
$function($value, $key, $userData);
}
// Test function 3
function array_walk_foreach2(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
foreach ($array as $key => $value )
$function($array[$key], $key, $userData);
}
function some_function(&$value, $key, $userData) {
$value = "$key => $userData";
}
function test($function, $count = 10000, $arrayElements = 1000) {
echo $function, ' ... ';
$array = array_fill(0, $arrayElements, "some text value");
$timer = microtime(true);
for( $i = 0; ++$i < $count; )
/* change data for each $i */
$function($array, 'some_function', 'some user data ' . $i);
printf("%.3f sec\n", microtime(true) - $timer);
return $array;
}
Calling an array Walk inside a class
If the class is static:
array_walk($array, array('self', 'walkFunction'));
or
array_walk($array, array('className', 'walkFunction'));
Otherwise:
array_walk($array, array($this, 'walkFunction'));
There is a note about 3 years ago regarding using this for trimming. array_map() may be cleaner for this. I haven't checked the time/resource impact:
$result = array_map("trim", $array);
Some speed tests
<?php
// Test results
$array1 = test('array_walk');
$array2 = test('array_walk_list_each');
$array3 = test('array_walk_foreach1');
$array4 = test('array_walk_foreach2');
// Check arrays for equal
var_dump($array1 == $array2, $array1 == $array3, $array1 == $array4);
// Test function 1
function array_walk_list_each(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
while ( list($key, $value) = each($array) )
$function($array[$key], $key, $userData);
}
// Test function 2
function array_walk_foreach1(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
foreach ($array as $key => &$value )
$function($value, $key, $userData);
}
// Test function 3
function array_walk_foreach2(&$array, $function, $userData = null) {
foreach ($array as $key => $value )
$function($array[$key], $key, $userData);
}
function some_function(&$value, $key, $userData) {
$value = "$key => $userData";
}
function test($function, $count = 10000, $arrayElements = 1000) {
echo $function, ' ... ';
$array = array_fill(0, $arrayElements, "some text value");
$timer = microtime(true);
for( $i = 0; ++$i < $count; )
$function($array, 'some_function', 'some user data');
printf("%.3f sec\n", microtime(true) - $timer);
return $array;
}
?>
Output (PHP 5.4.9-4ubuntu2.2 (cli) (built: Jul 15 2013 18:24:39))
=========================
array_walk ... 13.572 sec
array_walk_list_each ... 0.027 sec
array_walk_foreach1 ... 15.356 sec
array_walk_foreach2 ... 17.416 sec
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
Output (PHP 5.5.0 (cli) (built: Jul 16 2013 17:59:42) - same server)
=========================
array_walk ... 4.776 sec
array_walk_list_each ... 0.006 sec
array_walk_foreach1 ... 4.482 sec
array_walk_foreach2 ... 5.166 sec
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
PHP 5.5 array_walk looks pretty good but list each is more and more quickly...
array_walk does not work on SplFixedArray objects:
<?php
$array = new SplFixedArray(2);
$array[0] = 'test_1';
$array[1] = 'test_2';
array_walk($array, function(&$val){
$val .= '__';
return $val;
});
foreach ($array as $a) {
echo "$a\n";
}
?>
result is:
test_1
test_2
For all those people trying to shoe-horn trim() into array_walk() and have found all these tricks to work around the issue with array_walk() passing 2 parameters to the callback...
Check out array_map().
http://php.net/array_map
It's all sorts of win.
For the record. I'm one of these people and after 15 years of php development I'm pleased to say that there's still things I'm learning. :) I just found out about array_map() myself...
here is a simple and yet easy to use implementation of this function.
the 'original' function has the problem that you can't unset a value.
with my function, YOU CAN!
<?php
function array_walk_protected(&$a,$s,$p=null)
{
if(!function_exists($s)||!is_array($a))
{
return false;
}
foreach($a as $k=>$v)
{
if(call_user_func_array($s,array(&$a[$k],$k,$p))===false)
{
unset($a[$k]);
}
}
}
function get_name(&$e,$i,$p)
{
echo "$i: $e<br>";
return false;
}
$m=array('d'=>'33','Y'=>55);
array_walk_protected($m,'get_name');
var_dump($m); //returns array(0) { }
?>
i called it array_walk_protected because it is protected against the unexpected behavior of unsetting the value with the original function.
to delete an element, simply return false!!!
nothing else is needed!
unsetting $e, under your created function, will keep the same array as-is, with no changes!
by the way, the function returns false if $a is not array or $s is not a string!
limitations: it only can run user defined functions.
i hope you like it!
example with closures, checking and deleting value in array:
<?php
$array = array('foo' => 'bar', 'baz' => 'bat');
array_walk($array, function($val,$key) use(&$array){
if ($val == 'bar') {
unset($array[$key]);
}
});
var_dump($array);
I wanted to walk an array and reverse map it into a second array. I decided to use array_walk because it should be faster than a reset,next loop or foreach(x as &$y) loop.
<?php
$output = array();
array_walk($input, 'gmapmark_reverse', $output);
function gmapmark_reverse(&$item, $index, &$target) {
$target[$item['form_key']] = $index;
}
?>
In my debugger I can see that $target is progressively updated, but when array_walk returns, $output is empty. If however I use a (deprecated) call-by-reference:
<?php
array_walk($input, 'gmapmark_reverse', &$output);
?>
$output is returned correctly. Unfortunately there's not an easy way to suppress the warnings:
<?php
@array_walk($input, 'gmapmark_reverse', &$output);
?>
doesn't silence them. I've designed a workaround using a static array:
<?php
$reverse = array();
array_walk($input, 'gmapmark_reverse');
// call function one last time to get target array out, because parameters don't work
$reverse = gmapmark_reverse($reverse);
function gmapmark_reverse(&$item, $index = 0) {
static $target;
if (!$target) {
$target = array();
}
if (isset($item['form_key'])) {
$target[$item['form_key']] = $index;
}
return($target);
}
?>
Filter an array by using key.
<?php
$product_1 = 'test';
$product_2 = 'test 2';
function array_key_filter($array,$callback = 'trim')
{
$filtered = array();
array_walk($array,function ($degeri,$degisken_adi) use (&$filtered,$callback)
{
if($callback($degisken_adi))
{
$filtered[$degisken_adi] = $degeri;
}
});
return $filtered;
}
#using
$degiskenler = array_key_filter(get_defined_vars(),function($key)
{
return strpos($key,'product_') === 0;
});
print_r($degiskenler);
?>
output:
Array
(
[product_1] => test
[product_2] => test 2
)
Note that using array_walk with intval is inappropriate.
There are many examples on internet that suggest to use following code to safely escape $_POST arrays of integers:
<?php
array_walk($_POST['something'],'intval'); // does nothing in PHP 5.3.3
?>
It works in _some_ older PHP versions (5.2), but is against specifications. Since intval() does not modify it's arguments, but returns modified result, the code above has no effect on the array and will leave security hole in your website.
You can use following instead:
<?php
$_POST['something'] = array_map(intval,$_POST['something']);
?>
I was looking for trimming all the elements in an array, I found this as the simplest solution:
<?php
array_walk($ids, create_function('&$val', '$val = trim($val);'));
?>
For completeness one has to mention the possibility of using this function with PHP 5.3 closures:
<?php
$names = array("D\'Artagnan", "Aramis", "Portos");
array_walk($names, function(&$n) {
$n = stripslashes($n);
});
?>
The trap with array_walk being it doesn't return the array, instead it's modified by reference.
Prefix array values with keys and retrieve as a glued string, the original array remains unchanged. I used this to create some SQL queries from arrays.
<?php
function array_implode_prefix($outer_glue, $arr, $inner_glue, $prefix=false){
array_walk( $arr , "prefix", array($inner_glue, $prefix) );
return implode($outer_glue, $arr);
}
function prefix(&$value, $key, array $additional){
$inner_glue = $additional[0];
$prefix = isset($additional[1])? $additional[1] : false;
if($prefix === false) $prefix = $key;
$value = $prefix.$inner_glue.$value;
}
//Example 1:
$order_by = array("3"=>"ASC", "2"=>"DESC", "7"=>"ASC");
echo array_implode_prefix(",", $order_by, " ");
//Output: 3 ASC,2 DESC,7 ASC
//Example 2:
$columns = array("product_id", "category_id", "name", "description");
$table = "product";
echo array_implode_prefix(", ", $columns, ".", $table);
//Output:product.product_id, product.category_id, product.name, product.description
//Example 3 (function prefix) won't really be used on its own
$pre= "vacation";
$value = "lalaland";
prefix($value, $pre, array("."));
echo $value;
//Output: vacation.lalaland
?>
Using lambdas you can create a handy zip function to zip together the keys and values of an array. I extended it to allow you to pass in the "glue" string as the optional userdata parameter. The following example is used to zip an array of email headers:
<?php
/**
* Zip together the keys and values of an array using the provided glue
*
* The values of the array are replaced with the new computed value
*
* @param array $data
* @param string $glue
*/
function zip(&$data, $glue=': ')
{
if(!is_array($data)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('First parameter must be an array');
}
array_walk($data, function(&$value, $key, $joinUsing) {
$value = $key . $joinUsing . $value;
}, $glue);
}
$myName = 'Matthew Purdon';
$myEmail = 'matthew@example.com';
$from = "$myName <$myEmail>";
$headers['From'] = $from;
$headers['Reply-To'] = $from;
$headers['Return-path'] = "<$myEmail>";
$headers['X-Mailer'] = "PHP" . phpversion() . "";
$headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain; charset="UTF-8"';
zip($headers);
$headers = implode("\n", $headers);
$headers .= "\n";
echo $headers;
/*
From: Matthew Purdon <matthew@example.com>
Reply-To: Matthew Purdon <matthew@example.com>
Return-path: <matthew@example.com>
X-Mailer: PHP5.3.2
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
*/
?>
You can use lambda function as a second parameter:
<?php
array_walk($myArray, function(&$value, $key){
// if you want to change array values then "&" before the $value is mandatory.
});
?>
Example (multiply positive values by two):
<?php
$myArray = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
array_walk($myArray, function(&$value, $index){
if ($value > 0) $value *= 2;
});
?>
Don't forget about the array_map() function, it may be easier to use!
Here's how to lower-case all elements in an array:
<?php
$arr = array_map('strtolower', $arr);
?>
If you want to unset elements from the callback function, maybe what you really need is array_filter.
Unfortunately I spent a lot of time trying to permanently apply the effects of a function to an array using the array_walk function when instead array_map was what I wanted. Here is a very simple though effective example for those who may be getting overly frustrated with this function...
<?php
$fruits = array("Lemony & Fresh","Orange Twist","Apple Juice");
print_r($fruits);
echo '<br />';
function name_base($key)
{
$name2 = str_replace(" ", "_", $key);
$name3 = str_replace("&", "and", $name2);
$name4 = strtolower($name3);
echo $name4.'<br />';
return $name4;
}
echo '<br />';
$test = array_map('name_base', $fruits);
$fruits_fixed = $test;
echo '<br />';
print_r($fruits_fixed);
?>
I had some problems using this function - it didn't want to apply PHP-defined functions. So I decided to write my own - here it is. I had to use some generic-programming skills, didn't really checked the speed (I think it could be slow)... I believe it could be much better, but I don't know, how - well, I guess multiple array support and recursion would be nice. So?
Prototype:
bool arrayWalk(array &$arry, callback $callback, mixed $params=false)
<?php
function arrayWalk(&$arry, $callback, $params=false) {
$P=array(""); // parameters
$a=""; // arguement string :)
if($params !== false) { // add parameters
if(is_array($params)) { // multiple additional parameters
foreach($params as $par)
{ $P[]=$par; }
}
else // just one additional
{ $P[]=$params; }
}
for( // create the arguement string
$i=0; isset($P[$i]); ++$i
)
{ $a.='$'.chr($i + 97).', '; } // random argument names
$a=substr($a, 0, -2); // to get rid of the last comma and two spaces
$func=create_function($a, 'return '.$callback.'('.$a.');'); // the generic function
if(is_callable($func)) {
for( // cycle through array
$i=0; isset($arry[$i]); ++$i
) {
$P[0]=$arry[$i]; // first element must be the first argument - array value
$arry[$i] = call_user_func_array($func, $P); // assign the new value obtained by the generic function
}
}
else
{ return false; } // failure - function not callable
return true; // success!
} // arrayWalk()
?>
One big problem I've noticed so far - for example, if you wanted to use str_replace on the array, you'd fail - simply because of the arguement order of str_replace, where the string modified is the third arguement, not the first as arrayWalk requires.
So, still some work left...
When i pass the third parameter by reference in php5.2.5,
happened this: Warning: Call-time pass-by-reference has been deprecated - argument passed by value...
And to set allow_call_time_pass_reference to true in php.ini won't work, according to http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=19699 thus to work around:
<?php
array_walk($arrChnOut, create_function('&$v, $k, $arr_rtn', 'if ($k{0}!="_") {$arr_rtn[0]["_".$v[\'ID\']]=$v; unset($arr_rtn[0][$k]);}'), array(&$arrChnOut));
?>
if you want to modify every value of an multidimensional array use this function used here:
<?php
$array = array (1=>1, 2=> 2, 3 => array(1=>11, 2=>12, 3=>13));
$text = "test";
function modarr(&$array, $text) {
foreach ($array as $key => $arr) {
if(is_array($arr)) $res[$key] = modarr(&$arr,$text);
// modification function here
else $res[$key] = $arr.$text;
}
return $res;
}
$erg = modarr($array, $text);
print_r($erg);
?>
result will be_
<?php
Array ( [1] => 1test [2] => 2test [3] => Array ( [1] => 11test [2] => 12test [3] => 13test ) )
?>
In response to 'ibolmo', this is an extended version of string_walk, allowing to pass userdata (like array_walk) and to have the function edit the string in the same manner as array_walk allows, note now though that you have to pass a variable, since PHP cannot pass string literals by reference (logically).
<?php
function string_walk(&$string, $funcname, $userdata = null) {
for($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++) {
# NOTE: PHP's dereference sucks, we have to do this.
$hack = $string{$i};
call_user_func($funcname, &$hack, $i, $userdata);
$string{$i} = $hack;
}
}
function yourFunc($value, $position) {
echo $value . ' ';
}
function yourOtherFunc(&$value, $position) {
$value = str_rot13($value);
}
# NOTE: We now need this ugly $x = hack.
string_walk($x = 'interesting', 'yourFunc');
// Ouput: i n t e r e s t i n g
string_walk($x = 'interesting', 'yourOtherFunc');
echo $x;
// Output: vagrerfgvat
?>
Also note that calling str_rot13() directly on $x would be much faster ;-) just a sample.
It can be very useful to pass the third (optional) parameter by reference while modifying it permanently in callback function. This will cause passing modified parameter to next iteration of array_walk(). The exaple below enumerates items in the array:
<?php
function enumerate( &$item1, $key, &$startNum ) {
$item1 = $startNum++ ." $item1";
}
$num = 1;
$fruits = array( "lemon", "orange", "banana", "apple");
array_walk($fruits, 'enumerate', $num );
print_r( $fruits );
echo '$num is: '. $num ."\n";
?>
This outputs:
Array
(
[0] => 1 lemon
[1] => 2 orange
[2] => 3 banana
[3] => 4 apple
)
$num is: 1
Notice at the last line of output that outside of array_walk() the $num parameter has initial value of 1. This is because array_walk() does not take the third parameter by reference.. so what if we pass the reference as the optional parameter..
<?php
$num = 1;
$fruits = array( "lemon", "orange", "banana", "apple");
array_walk($fruits, 'enumerate', &$num ); // reference here
print_r( $fruits );
echo '$num is: '. $num ."\n";
echo "we've got ". ($num - 1) ." fruits in the basket!";
?>
This outputs:
Array
(
[0] => 1 lemon
[1] => 2 orange
[2] => 3 banana
[3] => 4 apple
)
$num is: 5
we've got 4 fruits in the basket!
Now $num has changed so we are able to count the items (without calling count() unnecessarily).
As a conclusion, using references with array_walk() can be powerful toy but this should be done carefully since modifying third parameter outside the array_walk() is not always what we want.
You want to get rid of the whitespaces users add in your form fields...?
Simply use...:
class SomeVeryImportantClass
{
...
public function mungeFormData(&$data)
{
array_walk($data, array($this, 'munge'));
}
private function munge(&$value, &$key)
{
if(is_array($value))
{
$this->mungeFormData($value);
}
else
{
$value = trim($value);
}
}
...
}
so...
$obj = new SomeVeryImportantClass;
$obj->mungeFormData($_POST);
___
eNc
Beware that "array ($this, method)" construct. If you're wanting to alter members of the "$this" object inside "method" you should construct the callback like this:
$callback[] = &$this;
$callback[] = method;
array_walk ($input, $callback);
Creating your callback using the array() method as suggested by "appletalk" results in a copy of $this being passed to method, not the original object, therefor any changes made to the object by method will be lost when array_walk() returns. While you could construct the callback with "array(&$this, method)", I believe this relies on the deprecated runtime pass-by-reference mechanism which may be removed in future releases of PHP. Better to not create a dependence on that feature now than having to track it down and fix it in the future.
It's worth nothing that array_walk can not be used to change keys in the array.
The function may be defined as (&$value, $key) but not (&$value, &$key).
Even though PHP does not complain/warn, it does not modify the key.