mysqli::real_escape_string

mysqli_real_escape_string

(PHP 5, PHP 7)

mysqli::real_escape_string -- mysqli_real_escape_string — Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement, taking into account the current charset of the connection

说明

面向对象风格

string mysqli::escape_string ( string $escapestr )
string mysqli::real_escape_string ( string $escapestr )

过程化风格

string mysqli_real_escape_string ( mysqli $link , string $escapestr )

This function is used to create a legal SQL string that you can use in an SQL statement. The given string is encoded to an escaped SQL string, taking into account the current character set of the connection.

Caution

Security: the default character set

The character set must be set either at the server level, or with the API function mysqli_set_charset() for it to affect mysqli_real_escape_string(). See the concepts section on character sets for more information.

参数

link

仅以过程化样式：由mysqli_connect() 或 mysqli_init() 返回的链接标识。

escapestr

The string to be escaped.

Characters encoded are NUL (ASCII 0), \n, \r, \, ', ", and Control-Z.

返回值

Returns an escaped string.

错误／异常

Executing this function without a valid MySQLi connection passed in will return NULL and emit E_WARNING level errors.

范例

Example #1 mysqli::real_escape_string() example

面向对象风格

<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "my_user", "my_password", "world");

/* check connection */
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
    printf("Connect failed: %s\n", mysqli_connect_error());
    exit();
}

$mysqli->query("CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE myCity LIKE City");

$city = "'s Hertogenbosch";

/* this query will fail, cause we didn't escape $city */
if (!$mysqli->query("INSERT into myCity (Name) VALUES ('$city')")) {
    printf("Error: %s\n", $mysqli->sqlstate);
}

$city = $mysqli->real_escape_string($city);

/* this query with escaped $city will work */
if ($mysqli->query("INSERT into myCity (Name) VALUES ('$city')")) {
    printf("%d Row inserted.\n", $mysqli->affected_rows);
}

$mysqli->close();
?>

过程化风格

<?php
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "my_user", "my_password", "world");

/* check connection */
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
    printf("Connect failed: %s\n", mysqli_connect_error());
    exit();
}

mysqli_query($link, "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE myCity LIKE City");

$city = "'s Hertogenbosch";

/* this query will fail, cause we didn't escape $city */
if (!mysqli_query($link, "INSERT into myCity (Name) VALUES ('$city')")) {
    printf("Error: %s\n", mysqli_sqlstate($link));
}

$city = mysqli_real_escape_string($link, $city);

/* this query with escaped $city will work */
if (mysqli_query($link, "INSERT into myCity (Name) VALUES ('$city')")) {
    printf("%d Row inserted.\n", mysqli_affected_rows($link));
}

mysqli_close($link);
?>

以上例程会输出：

Error: 42000
1 Row inserted.

注释

Note:

For those accustomed to using mysql_real_escape_string(), note that the arguments of mysqli_real_escape_string() differ from what mysql_real_escape_string() expects. The link identifier comes first in mysqli_real_escape_string(), whereas the string to be escaped comes first in mysql_real_escape_string().

参见

User Contributed Notes

therselman at gmail dot com 20-Jul-2017 05:22
Presenting several UTF-8 / Multibyte-aware escape functions.

These functions represent alternatives to mysqli::real_escape_string, as long as your DB connection and Multibyte extension are using the same character set (UTF-8), they will produce the same results by escaping the same characters as mysqli::real_escape_string.

This is based on research I did for my SQL Query Builder class:
https://github.com/twister-php/sql

<?php
/**
 * Returns a string with backslashes before characters that need to be escaped.
 * As required by MySQL and suitable for multi-byte character sets
 * Characters encoded are NUL (ASCII 0), \n, \r, \, ', ", and ctrl-Z.
 *
 * @param string $string String to add slashes to
 * @return $string with `\` prepended to reserved characters
 *
 * @author Trevor Herselman
 */
if (function_exists('mb_ereg_replace'))
{
    function mb_escape(string $string)
    {
        return mb_ereg_replace('[\x00\x0A\x0D\x1A\x22\x27\x5C]', '\\\0', $string);
    }
} else {
    function mb_escape(string $string)
    {
        return preg_replace('~[\x00\x0A\x0D\x1A\x22\x27\x5C]~u', '\\\$0', $string);
    }
}

?>

Characters escaped are (the same as mysqli::real_escape_string):

00 = \0 (NUL)
0A = \n
0D = \r
1A = ctl-Z
22 = "
27 = '
5C = \

Note: preg_replace() is in PCRE_UTF8 (UTF-8) mode (`u`).

Enhanced version:

When escaping strings for `LIKE` syntax, remember that you also need to escape the special characters _ and %

So this is a more fail-safe version (even when compared to mysqli::real_escape_string, because % characters in user input can cause unexpected results and even security violations via SQL injection in LIKE statements):

<?php

/**
 * Returns a string with backslashes before characters that need to be escaped.
 * As required by MySQL and suitable for multi-byte character sets
 * Characters encoded are NUL (ASCII 0), \n, \r, \, ', ", and ctrl-Z.
 * In addition, the special control characters % and _ are also escaped,
 * suitable for all statements, but especially suitable for `LIKE`.
 *
 * @param string $string String to add slashes to
 * @return $string with `\` prepended to reserved characters
 *
 * @author Trevor Herselman
 */
if (function_exists('mb_ereg_replace'))
{
    function mb_escape(string $string)
    {
        return mb_ereg_replace('[\x00\x0A\x0D\x1A\x22\x25\x27\x5C\x5F]', '\\\0', $string);
    }
} else {
    function mb_escape(string $string)
    {
        return preg_replace('~[\x00\x0A\x0D\x1A\x22\x25\x27\x5C\x5F]~u', '\\\$0', $string);
    }
}

?>

Additional characters escaped:

25 = %
5F = _

Bonus function:

The original MySQL `utf8` character-set (for tables and fields) only supports 3-byte sequences.
4-byte characters are not common, but I've had queries fail to execute on 4-byte UTF-8 characters, so you should be using `utf8mb4` wherever possible.

However, if you still want to use `utf8`, you can use the following function to replace all 4-byte sequences.

<?php
// Modified from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/24672780/2726557
function mysql_utf8_sanitizer(string $str)
{
    return preg_replace('/[\x{10000}-\x{10FFFF}]/u', "\xEF\xBF\xBD", $str);
}
?>

Pick your poison and use at your own risk!
James 09-Jul-2016 11:34
To escape for the purposes of having your queries made successfully, and to prevent SQLi (SQL injection)/stored and/or reflected XSS, it's a good idea to go with the basics first, then make sure nothing gets in that can be used for SQLi or stored/reflected XSS, or even worse, loading remote images and scripts.

For example:

<?php
    
     // Assume this is a simple comments form with a name and comment.

     $name = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST['name']);
     $comments = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST['comments']);

     // Here is where most of the action happens.  But see note below
     // on dumping back out from the database

     // We should use the ENT_QUOTES flag second parameter...
     $name = htmlspecialchars($name);
     $comments = htmlspecialchars($comments);

     $insert_sql = "INSERT INTO tbl_comments ( c_id, c_name, c_comments ) VALUES ( DEFAULT, '" . $name . "', '" . $comments . "')";

     $res = mysqli_query($conn, $insert_sql);
     if ( $res === false ) {
          // Something went wrong, handle it
     }

     // Now output page showing comments
?>

//  Assume we're in a table with each row containing a name and comment

<?php
    
     $res = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT c_name, c_comments FROM tbl_comments ORDER BY c_name ASC");

     if ( $res === false )
          // Something went wrong

     // Or as you like...
     while ( $row = mysqli_fetch_array($res, MYSQLI_BOTH) ) {
         
          // This will output safe HTML entities if they went in
          // They will be displayed, but not interpreted
          echo "<tr><td>" . $row['c_name'] . "</td>";
          echo "<td>" . $row['c_comments'] . "</td></tr>";

          // BUT, if you make this mistake...
          echo "<tr><td>" . htmlspecialchars_decode($row['c_name']) . "</td>";
          echo "<td>" . htmlspecialchars_decode($row['c_comments']) . "</td></tr>";

          // ... then your entities will reflect back as the characters, so
          // input such as this: "><img src=x onerror=alert('xss')>
          // will display the 'xss' in an alert box in the browser.
     }

     mysqli_free_result($res);
     mysqli_close($conn);
?>

In most cases, you wouldn't want to go way overboard sanitizing untrusted user input, for instance:

<?php
     $my_input = htmlspecialchars( strip_tags($_POST['foo']) );
?>

This will junk a lot of input you might actually want, if you're rolling your own forum or comments section and it's for web developers, for example.  On the other hand, if legitimate users are never going to enter anything other than text, never HTML tags or anything else, it's not a bad idea.

The take-away is that mysqli_real_escape_string() is not good enough, and being overly-aggressive in sanitizing input may not be what you want.

Be aware that in the above example, it will protect you from sqli (run sqlmap on all your input fields and forms to check) but it won't protect your database from being filled with junk, effectively DoS'ing your Web app in the process.

So after protecting against SQLi, even if you're behind CloudFlare and take other measures to protect your databases, there's still effectively a DoS attack that could slow down your Web App for legitimate users and make it a nightmare filled with rubbish that some poor maintainer has to clean out, if you don't take other measures.

So aside from escaping your stings, and protecting against SQLi and stored/reflected XSS, and maliciously loaded images or JS, there's also checking your input to see if it makes sense, so you don't get a database full of rubbish!

It just never ends... :-)
anon 04-Dec-2015 02:02
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == "GET" && isset($_GET['value'])) {
    $id = trim($link->real_escape_string($_GET['value']));
    $sql = "DELETE FROM database WHERE IDItem = $id";
    if (!$res = $link->query($sql)) {
        $_SESSION['alertify'] = 'alertify.error("' . $link->error . '")';
    } else {
        $_SESSION['alertify'] = 'alertify.success("' . $value . ' was succesfully deleted")';
    }
}
Anonymous 26-Mar-2015 06:20
If you wonder why (besides \, ' and ")  NUL (ASCII 0), \n, \r, and Control-Z are escaped: it is not to prevent sql injection, but to prevent your sql logfile to get unreadable.
nmmm at nmmm dot nu 02-May-2014 03:09
Note unlike PDO string escape, MySQLi does not include apostrophes.

So, you probably want something like this:

    function escape($s){
        $s = $this->mysqli->real_escape_string($s);
        return "'$s'";
    }
zanferrari at gmail dot com 12-Nov-2013 05:27
When I submit data through Ajax I use a little function to reconvert the encoded chars to their original value. After that I do the escaping. Here the function:

   function my_htmlentities($input){
       $string = htmlentities($input,ENT_NOQUOTES,'UTF-8');
       $string = str_replace('&euro;',chr(128),$string);
       $string = html_entity_decode($string,ENT_NOQUOTES,'ISO-8859-15');
       return $string;
   }

G.Zanferrari
kit dot lester at mail dot com 29-Aug-2013 08:35
A PHP application I'm working on has many pages which (long story) need to share a PHP API that looks after a MySQL database. Easiest way was to have the app pages AJAX to the API .PHPs.

That means having the JavaScript of the AJAX encodeURIComponent(...) relevant bits of any data to be sent via HTTP POST and GET requests - space as %20 and so on.

But the SQL also needed real_escape_string(...) of the same data.

So I had the issue of whether to do the real_escape_string *before* or *after* encodeURIComponent? in other words in the application PHP or API PHP? Do either of the encodings mangle the other?

The real_escape_string would be "cleaner" in the API, both in principle, and because it needs an instance of mysqli class and there are are unlikely to be instances in the app.

(real_escape_string needs an instance because it's not a  *static* function - I don't know why).

But I suspect that "in the API" is the mangle-avoiding place: the JavaScript encode gets undone by the HTTP call to whichever API element, then the element can safely real_escape_string what is to be put into the database.

Comments would be appreciated.
dave at mausner.us 25-Feb-2011 04:48
You can avoid all character escaping issues (on the PHP side) if you use prepare() and bind_param(), as an alternative to placing arbitrary string values in SQL statements.  This works because bound parameter values are NOT passed via the SQL statement syntax.
Josef Toman 26-Feb-2010 03:14
For percent sign and underscore I use this:
<?php
$more_escaped = addcslashes($escaped, '%_');
?>
tobias_demuth at web dot de 10-Nov-2005 05:54
Note, that if no connection is open, mysqli_real_escape_string() will return an empty string!
arnoud at procurios dot nl 07-Oct-2004 06:05
Note that this function will NOT escape _ (underscore) and % (percent) signs, which have special meanings in LIKE clauses.

As far as I know there is no function to do this, so you have to escape them yourself by adding a backslash in front of them.